Thermodynamic
Systems using thermodynamic substrates
Systems using Thermodynamic
IBM analog AI chip
Energy-efficient inference via PCM memristive crossbar arrays
IBM Research analog AI chip uses memristive crossbar arrays with PCM elements to implement analog differential compute for neural inference, tightly integrating in-memory multiply-accumulate operation...
Normal Computing stochastic processing units
Unconventional analog thermodynamic inference
Normal Computing's stochastic processing units leverage probabilistic analog circuits with thermodynamic noise shaping and memristive elements to accelerate AI inference workloads while embracing phys...
Simulated annealing (thermal)
argmin of energy / cost landscape
A physical system coupled to a heat bath at slowly decreasing temperature explores its energy landscape. At high temperature it escapes local minima; as Tâ0 it settles into a global minimum â if cooli...
Thermodynamic computer
sampling from Boltzmann distributions
Uses thermal noise in analog circuits to sample from Boltzmann distributions. Thermal fluctuations provide natural randomness that follows statistical mechanics principles. The Normal Computing SDE (S...
Thermodynamic computer (Normal Computing SPU)
probabilistic sampling / linear algebra via thermal equilibration
Analog physics-based computers using thermodynamic principles for computation. Normal Computing's Stochastic Processing Unit (SPU) uses RLC circuits as unit cells with all-to-all coupling via switched...